Study Guide Culture and Media Essay - 3692 Words

Culture Media Study Guide ECONOMIC Ownership/Capitalism Particular technological configurations; o Notion of inventions.[invented by society] o Society changes the way things are viewed. Certain laws, rules, and understandings; o Pertaining to what can be shown in the media o Private broadcasters must adhere to CBSC [global CTV news must follow their rules what can be shown and when o CBSC provides guidelines so that private broadcasters can follow Persons occupying certain roles; o Specific owners who specify what others should be doing and how Representation o Putting ideas into something can take a variety of forms because everything is represented in a specific manor depending on what I am trying to get across. Notion†¦show more content†¦Who is not? How are they being portrayed? Karl Marx Friedrich Engle’s o â€Å"The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas†¦ the class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production.† o System of idea’s by ruling class = ideology of given society. o Ideology distorts reality o Audiences negotiate meaning in media o Every group, sub group, culture will interpret things differently. o Notion of â€Å"mass† does not exist because we don’t all watch, read or hear the same things. Chomsky ïÆ'   propaganda o Something is going on that makes us think we have control but we do not o Majority of population based on majority of power by minority of individuals. (Followers to few people’s ideas) o Freedom of Speech: have right to say whatever you like as long as it does not turn into hate speech o Freedom of press: freedom of speech in written form. There are restrictions as to what can be written (do not really have freedom of press) o Five Filters of Propaganda o Theory postulate five general classes of â€Å"filters† that determine the type of news that is presented in news media the five classes are: Ownership o The size of profit seeking imperative of dominant media corporations are said to be biased o Wealthy own press. Herman Chomsky: argue that mainstream media outlets are currently either large corporations or part of conglomerates. o InformationShow MoreRelatedFormal Reference Tools On Young People1002 Words   |  5 Pagesof youth culture, this encyclopedia looks at several categories of adolescent research. Topics include identity and development, relationships, social contexts, and mental health. These are all important topics for YA librarians to research, as it provides insight into the average YA librarian’s user demographic, and would allow for more thoughtful programming, collection development, and overall YA services. While this source does tackle all aspects of adolescence, not just male culture, it is lessRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography of Articles Related to Media Literacy902 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding of the role of media literacy for Latino/a high school students. High School Journal 94(4), pp. 167-186. In a qualitative study of a small group of Latino/a high school students, the researchers found that students perceived negative cultural messages in media they were asked to watch. The messages were not obvious to the teachers who selected the media and who were not part of this ethnic group. The study serves as a cautionary tale for teachers when selecting media for their classroomsRead MoreThe Expression Of Aggression And Gender920 Words   |  4 Pagesexhibit. However, the old studies believe that men are more likely to be aggressive. The question is what is the motivation to make people behave aggressively? The expression of aggression is related to gender because social roles and media influences have a hugely significant impact on. Social roles in the societies have an extremely profound impact on people deals between each other ;especially, when we remind the expression of aggression. One of most theories study the different on aggressionRead MoreCultural Studies By John Frow And Meaghan Morris852 Words   |  4 PagesFor this week’s reading, we read â€Å"Cultural Studies† by John Frow and Meaghan Morris. The author started out by describing how â€Å"culture† became a popular term within the media since the 1980’s and words like â€Å"postmodernism† and â€Å"globalization†. The Australian politician describe the word ‘culture’ affects people’s point of views and way of working through complicated customs, values, and expectations. The author supported the argument that changing culture is a very important aspect by using an exampleRead MoreSocial Norms And Its Effect On Society1253 Words   |  6 Pagessocial phenomena, including economic ins titutions and social norms, emerge from the actions and interactions of individuals. The task of social sciences is to study how these two components can give rise to different social dynamics and social events. For a long time, social scientists have disagreed on which component plays a dominant role. The study of social norms can help us understand a wide variety of seemingly puzzling human behavior. As norm existence and compliance can be best understood in termsRead MoreEssay on Class in Australia Today1059 Words   |  5 PagesEducational, (p 40). Study Guide SGY14 (2006/1) Social Sciences in Australia, School of Arts, Media and Culture Faculty of Arts, Griffith University, Brisbane. Engels, F. (1950) ‘Wage labour and capital: Introduction’, in K. Marx and F. Engels Selected Works in Two Volumes (Volume 1), Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, pp. 66-73. Unit 2.2: How do the rich become rich? Reading 2, (p13). Handbook SGY14 (2007/1) Social Sciences in Australia, School of Arts, Media and Culture Faculty of ArtsRead MoreHow Students Adopt Social Media884 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction This study will examine how HPU students adopt social media, and if there are any difference between an early American adopter versus an early Scandinavian adopter. The literature review will guide this study by give an understanding of how new innovations in social media are being adopted by the use of Diffusion of Innovation Theory. The first three sections of the literature review will provide information of the American and Scandinavian culture, with the focus on the differencesRead MoreThe Responsibility Of A Public Relation Agency1504 Words   |  7 Pagesa bone relation agency. Therefore, as a publisher she has interacted with an outsized variety of individuals from varied culture and background. Oliver phycologist when being sentenced in jail has visaged Brobdingnagian hardships so as to guide PR agency with success. Roxy moreover needs to overcome innumerable barriers for running her organization. However, this specific study has centred to spotlight ten PR practices one by one that are maintained within the organization of Roxy. a number of theRead MoreThe Evolution And Portrayals Of Family Sitcoms Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pagesdecided to conduct this study with the focus on three sitcoms from the 1980s which are Fresh Prince, The Bill Cosby Show, and Full house. In addition, focusing on three sitcoms for comparison in todays time, 2000s which are Full House, George Lopez and Family Matters. Each of these research samples display a variety of roles played, race, gender and change in family perception. There will be significant differences in the family structures as a function of time and race/culture of sitcoms aired in theRead MoreThe Basics Of Mediation Between An Addict And A Victim Of Abuse1303 Words   |  6 Pagesforced to learn the basics of mediation between an addict and a victim of abuse. I think about the paths I could have taken, had I not met the right people. The culture clichà ©s I could have so easily followed had I chosen to conform rather than create an opportunity for myself. Through the use of persuasive communication, I was able to guide my father away from violence. I remember having trouble my early years of school as I soon became my father’s drinking partner. He needed someone to talk to

Assignment-I International Business Free Essays

ALLIANCE BUSINESS SCHOOL SUBJECT- GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ASSIGNMENT NO. -1 DATE: 02/03/11 SUBMITTED TO: Prof. M V NARASIMHAN SUBMITTED BY: Akshay Shah Answer: 1 IMPACT OF POLITICAL TURMOIL IN EGYPT ON GLOBAL BUSINESS: Political turbulence in Egypt in casting a poll on world financial markets driving up the prices of crude oil food and creating new risks for the shaky world economy in the months ahead. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment-I International Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now Following are the impacts of political turmoil in Egypt on global business: †¢ Oil prices reached last week their highest 110 dollar per barrel of raw oil since 2008 investors sold off both stocks and bonds of many developing nations, particularly in the middle east. †¢ The turbulence on financial markets shows how political upheaval in one place- first Tunisia, now Egypt- can set off hard to predict reverberations around the world, possibly undermining the global economic recovery. †¢ Investors are most concerned that other Muslim nations, particularly those of autocratic leadership vast oil reserves, will soon see their ruling regimes threatened as well. International organizations also trying to monitor more urgent concerns, what’s going on in Egypt has again reminded world that the world economy is not out of the woods that things we do not anticipate can have a significant negative effect on global markets risk sentiment. †¢ Because of political business instability in Egypt- lead with the problems with foreign receipts currency . †¢ Economist Investors all around the world have fear that political developments could disrupt oil exports from Saudi Arabia or other oil reserved nations. †¢ The greatest threat for global economy- absent a spread of popular revolt to other nations in the middle east or beyond – is the disruption of shopping through the Suez Canal. †¢ In forthcoming days, it will be challenge for government to keep the political stability in Egypt, for smooth business functioning throughout the world controlling oil prices which are on their peak. Answer 2: IMPORTANCE OF PROPERTY RIGHTS IN GLOBAL BUSINESS ECONOMY: In a legal sense, term property refers to a resource over which an individual or business holds a legal title; that is a resource that it owns. Resource include land, building, equipment, capital, minerals rights, business and intellectual property. Property Rights refer to the bundle of legal rights over the use to which a resource is put and over the use made of any income that may be derived from that resource. Property Rights are important in the global business economy because:†¢ The philosophy behind protecting property rights in the global business economy, as it is reward to the originator of a new invention, books, musical record, clothes design, restaurant chain and the like; for his or her idea effort. Such property rights are very important stimulus to innovation and creative work. They provide An incentive for people to search for novel ways of doing things and they reward creativity. e. g. – Consider an innovation in automobile industry; say a use of non conventional fuel to be used in all kinds of vehicles with maximum efficiency and low cost of fuel. This gives automobile firms an incentive to undertake the expensive, difficult and time consuming basic research required to generate new fuel. (It can cost $800 million in R D and take 10 years to set a new fuel in the market) Also economic evidences suggests that high levels of corruption i. e. theft of property rights significantly reduce the foreign direct investment, level of international trade, economic growth rate in a country. By siphoning off profits corrupts politicians bureaucrats reduce the returns to business investment and hence reduce the incentive of both domestic and foreign businesses to invest in that country. Because of all the above reasons explained it is important to protect property rights to benefit innovator, consumers and to promote healthy competition. The protection of intellectual property rights differ greatly from country to country. While Many countries have straight intellectual property regulations on their books. Now, 188 countries are members of the â€Å"World Intellectual Property Organization†, all of whom have signed international treaties designed to protect intellectual property. Answer: 3 CULTURE AT WORK PLACE BY GEERT HOEFSTEDE: Of considerable importance for an international business with operations in different countries is a how a society’s culture affects the values found in the workplace. Probably the most famous study of how culture relates to values in the workplace was undertaken by ‘Geert Hoefstede’. As a part of his ob as a psychologist working for IBM, Hoefstede collected data on employee attitudes and values for more than 1,00,000 individuals from 1967 to 1973. This data enabled him to compare dimensions of culture across 40 countries Hoefstede isolated into 4 dimensions:†¢ Hoefstede’s ‘Power Distance’ dimension focussed on how a society deals with the fact That people are unequal in physical intellectual capabilities. According to Hoefstede, high power distance cultures were found in countries that let inequalities grow over time into inequalities of power wealth. †¢ The ‘Individualism versus Collectivism’ dimension focussed on the relationship between The individual and his or her fellows. Individualistic societies, the ties between individuals were loose and individual achievement and freedom were highly valued. In societies where collectivism was emphasized; the ties between individuals were tight. †¢ Hoefstede’s ‘Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension’ measured the extent to which different cultures socialized their members into accepting ambiguous situations forecasting uncertainty. Members of high uncertainty avoidance cultures placed a premium on job security, career patterns, retirement benefits and so on. Lower uncertainty avoidance cultures were characterized by a greater readiness to take risks less emotional resistance to change. †¢ Hoefstede’s ‘Masculinity versus Feminity’ dimensions looked at the relationship between gender work roles. In masculine cultures, sex roles were sharply differentiated and traditional â€Å"Masculine Values†, such as achievement effective exercise of power, determined culture ideals. In Feminine cultures sex roles are sharply distinguished, the little differentiation was made between men women in the same job. Hoefstede created on index score for each of these 4 dimensions that ranged from 0 to 100 And scored high individualism, high power distance, high uncertainty avoidance, high Masculinity. He averaged the score for all employees from a given country: . g. : Power distance 1) Britain 2) Canada 3) US 4) India 5) Indonesia 6) Mexico 35 39 40 77 78 81 Uncertainty 35 48 46 40 48 82 Individualism Masculinity 89 80 91 48 14 30 From the above table it shows, western nations such as US, Canada, Britain scores High on the individualism scale low on the power distance scale. At the other extreme are a group of Latin America (Mexico) and Asia (India, Indonesia) that emphasize collecti vism over individualism and score high on their power distance scale. 66 52 62 56 46 69 How to cite Assignment-I International Business, Papers

As Many Federal Departments And Agencies Lurch Into An Era Of Essay Example For Students

As Many Federal Departments And Agencies Lurch Into An Era Of Essay running without funds, the leaders of both parties of Congress arespending less and less time searching for a compromise to balance thebudget, and more and more time deciding how to use it to theiradvantage on the campaign trail. Meanwhile money is easily borrowed topay for government overhead. In an attempt to change this, on June 29,Congress voted in favor of HConRes67 that called for a 7 year plan tobalance the Federal Budget by the year 2002 (Hager 1899). This wouldbe done by incorporating $894 billion in spending cuts by 2002, with aprojected 7 year tax cut of $245 billion. If this plan wereimplemented, in the year 2002, the U.S. Government would have thefirst balanced budget since 1969. There is doubt by citizens that a balanced budget will becomereality. A recent Gallop Poll from January, 1996 showed the budget asthe #1 concern among taxpayers, but 4/5 of those interviewed said theydoubt the GOP will do the job (Holding 14). Meanwhile, an ABC pollfrom November reported that over 70% of those polled disapprove of thecurrent performance by Congress, and most blamed politicians forfailure to take action (Cloud 3709). These accusations of failure tofollow through come with historical proof that Congress and Clintonhave failed to compromise and resolve the issue. After all, currentbudget plans are dependent on somewhat unrealistic predictions ofavoiding such catastrophes as recession, national disasters, etc., andinclude minor loopholes. History has shown that every budget agreementthat has failed was too lax. One might remember theGramm-Rudman-Hollings bill that attempted to balance the budget, butleft too many exemptions, and was finally abandoned in 1990(Weinberger 3 3). So after a pain-staking trial for GOP Republicans to create,promote, and pass their budget, as promised on campaign trail 94,Clinton rejected the very bill he demanded. This essentially broughtthe federal budget back to square one. Clinton thought such a demandon Republicans to produce a budget would produce inner-party quarrelsand cause the GOP to implode. Instead, they produced a fiscal budgetthat passed both houses of Congress, only to be stalemated by astubborn Democratic President Clinton. Meanwhile, Clinton bounced backwith a CBO scored plan with lighter, less risky cuts to politicallysensitive areas like entitlements. Clinton’s plan also saved dollarsfor education and did not include a tax increase, but most cuts wouldnot take effect until he is out of office, in the year 2001. AlthoughClinton is sometimes criticized for producing a stalemate in budgettalks, the White House points out that the debt has gone down sinceClinton took office, with unemployment also falling. Republicans arequick to state that Clinton originally increased taxes in 1993 and cutdefense programs, but his overall plan was for an increasing budgetwithout deficit reduction. Startling Facts about the budget:As of 1996, the national debt was at an all time high of $5trillion dollars, with interest running at a whopping $250 billion peryear (Rau M-1). This equals out to an individual responsibility ofmore than $50,000 per taxpayer. Nearly 90% of that debt hasaccumulated since 1970, and between 1980 and 1995, the debt grew by500%. Currently, the debt grows by more than $10,000 per second (RauM-l), and at current rates, a baby born in 1992 will pay 71% of his orher income in net taxes. At current rates, our government is about toreach its breaking point. If that’s not enough to scare a taxpayer, by2002, 60% of government spending will be for entitlements, and by2012, these programs are projected to take up all government revenue(Dentzer 32). Not only economic development, but also family income ishurt by debt. With the cost of living going up, it becomes harder tofind a job. According to the Concord Coalition, real wages peaked in1973 and have gone do wn ever since. If the economy grew as fast as itdid in 1950, without a debt, the median family income would be$50,000, compared to the present median of $35,000 (Rau M-1). As of current fiscal year’s budget, the United States governmentspends $1.64 trillion yearly. $500 billion of that, or 1/3 of thetotal, is for discretionary spending (Rau M-1). This discretionaryspending is the target for most cuts, and seems to be the easiest tomake cuts in. Overall, the difference between the two parties budgetplans is only $400 billion. This could easily be trimmed byeliminating tax cuts and adjusting the consumer price index toreality. Democrats say the GOP plan is too lopsided, and Republicanscriticize the Democrat plan for being unrealistic. A study by theUrban Institute shows GOP cuts will be felt mainly by the bottom 1/5of U.S. population. This should be more equally spread out acrossincome brackets (Hosansky 1449). The GOP plan:By fulfilling campaign promises made by freshman RepublicanCongressmen to cut government spending, the GOP managed to pass a $1.6trillion budget resolution by a party-line vote, in both houses ofCongress (Hosansky 1450). This budget called for major cuts ineducation, environmental programs, discretionary spending, and thelargest of all: entitlements. 70% of the money to balance the budgetunder the GOP plan would have come from entitlements. This is becauseentitlement programs currently take up $301 billion a year. Such cutshad already been partially implemented with the GOP cutting overallspending by 9.1% in 1996 alone. Atomic Bomb EssayA Neutral Proposal:As a neutral proposal, a group calling themselves the BlueDog’s have won support for their budget from both Republicans andDemocrats. The group also known as the Concord Coalition includes manyconservative Democrats that want to see shallower budget cuts withless reform to entitlements. They also believe a tax cut should bedelayed until the budget is balanced. The Coalition believes that byreforming entitlement policy, rethinking government size, changingtaxation methods, and consuming less, our budget can be balanced (RauM-1). Defending Deficits:In defense of deficits, some may argue that the danger of thecurrent situation is highly over rated. A budget deal has always hadless to do with economics than with politics and morality. Budgetdeficits don’t crowd out private investment, government spending does,and a large surplus may not be a sign of strength for a country. Somesay it is impossible for every country to run either a surplus or adeficit. What matters is that a country can service its debts (Defense68). During most of the 19th century, the United States borrowed fromthe world (a current-account deficit). By 1870, it was running a tradesurplus, and by 1900 we had a current-account surplus. But in theearly 2Oth century, the U.S. became the world’s largest net creditor,and by 1970 it peaked by finally running into deficit in 1970. Finally, 1980 brought a deficit so large, that the government was anet debtor again (Bottom Line 14). Current Reductions:One of the ways we are currently reducing the deficit includesthe introduction of means testing. This means that people would getentitlements based on need. The government already has reduced SocialSecurity for modest income seniors age 70 and younger, but budgetcutters want to broaden that idea (Henderson 60). There are 2 majorproblems with means testing. First, it is considered inherentlyunfair. Some might argue that a person might blow all of their incomebefore the entitlement reductions come into place. Second, it mightreduce the incentive to work and encourage people to hide theirincome. For instance, beneficiaries of Social Security, ages 62-64,lose $1.00 yearly in benefits for every $2.00 they earn in income orwages above $8,160 per year (Henderson 60). Some say increasingeligibility requirements would solve some problems, and proposeraising the age of early retirement from 62 to 65, and standardretirement from 65 to 70. Another touchy subject in budget reductionis the argument that the poor are being left out of savings. Accordingto the Clinton Administration, the GOP budget would cause a familywith income of $13,325 per year to lose 11% of their income (Whitman42). United States Treasury Department studies say the bottom 1/5income families would have net tax increase of an average $12 to $26under the GOP plan. The top 1/5 income families would receive morethan 60% of the tax relief. A HHS analysis states that the GOP planwould also boost child poverty rates from 14.5% to 16.1%, and poorfamilies with children would loose 6% of their income. Conclusion:In the end, budget reduction is no easy task. fixing theNational debt is like catching a train leaving the station. The longerwe wait, the harder and farther we have to run, says the ConcordCoalition (Rau M-1). Both parties want the issue, instead of anagreement, said Representative Bill Orton. The center of attention fordebate on budget cutting is politics, and whomever takesresponsibility for reform gets left wide open to criticism. AlthoughCongress and Clinton have spent the past year on debating the budgetand the size of the Federal Government, most plans fall back ongimmicks, loopholes, and long-term plans. Even Democrats now agree todownsize the government, but the two parties disagree on how andwhere. As we trust our elected officials to make decisions inWashington on our behalf, we must show interest and aptitude on theend results. To accomplish a balanced budget deal, many suggest thatwe must not only balance spending, but reform entitlements, rethinkgovernment si ze, change tax methods, and depend less on Washington. Attendees of a conference on budget cutting in Jackson Hole, Wyomingsuggested we deliver a budget that has a simple, quantifiable goal,that includes short term goals, and eliminated gimmicks. Countrieslike Sweden and Canada have successfully reformed fiscal policies. Sweden’s government elected to abandon welfare, pensions, healthinsurance, unemployment programs, family assistance, and childallowances. Their deficit soon fell by 3.5% of GDP in one year alone(Urresta 51). Sweden’s plan was three times as intense as Congress’current plan, while cutting spending in half the time. As for cuts, everyone must suffer. As entitlement debatescontinue, the interests of older Americans are being protected at theexpense of young people, says Neil Howe and Bill Strauss (Rau M- 1). Older Americans have good reason to protect programs that they havepaid into for years, but those programs spend an overall per capitaamount of 11 times as much on elderly than that spent on childrenaltogether (Rau M-1). The youth are the future of America, and weshould protect them too. Currently, poverty in US is 3 times as likelyto affect the very young than the very old. By balancing the budget,interest rates come down, the economy picks up we will rebound,says Representative James Greenwood (Cloud 3709), and everyone shouldbe happy with that.